miércoles, 15 de diciembre de 2010

Personalitats catalanes menyspreades pel pancatalanisme (I): el General Prim

Dintre de la nostra Catalunya, emmig del procés de construcció nacional que portem anys suportant i financiant tots els catalans, s’ens ha manipulat i creat màrtirs on no hi tenia lloc. La contrapartida és que molts catalans il.lustres, gent que ha influit moltíssim a nivell nacional e internacional, que han contribuit molt per Catalunya i Espanya durant la seva història, han quedat relegats a un segon pla, totalment menystinguts per l'únic fet de tenir una visió més àmplia que només Catalunya i no ser provincialistes que rebutjen tota interacció possible amb Espanya.




El primer exemple que mostraré és el General Prim, una persona d’una vida intensíssima, influent a nivell català, espanyol e internacional. Prim va ser enterrat al Panteó d'Homes Il•lustres de Madrid, amb Garcilaso de la Vega, Quevedo, Calderón de la Barca, etc. on hi va romandre fins al 1970, any del centenari de la seva mort, quan fou traslladat a un mausoleu ubicat al cementiri de Reus, desprès d'anys de reivindicacions per part de la seva ciutat natal. Però tristement l’única recompensa que la nostra Generalitat li ha fet en honor seu fou el Passeig de Prim a Reus i la Rambla de Prim a Barcelona, mentres es gasten milions d’euros, en el nostre Departament de Cultura, per promocionar actes i manipulacions històriques, entre d’altres, de suposats màrtirs salvapàtries, cometent una gran injustícia històrica.

Joan Prim i Prats, marquès de Los Castillejos, comte de Reus, vescomte del Bruc, Gran d'Espanya (Reus, 16 de desembre de 1814 - Madrid, 30 de desembre de 1870) fou un militar i polític progressista del segle XIX molt influent en la política espanyola. Va ser president del consell de Ministres entre els anys 1869 i 1870. Als 19 anys es va allistar en els "Tiradores de Isabel II" aquest cos urbà fou destinat a les muntanyes per combatre les partides carlines de la terra.



Per les seves victòries sobre partides carlines (l'anomenada Guerra dels set anys) va ser ascendit a tinent. La primera guerra carlina o guerra dels set anys fou el conflicte civil que va esclatar a Espanya en morir el rei Ferran VII i a causa de la seva successió, ja que els absolutistes no acceptaven Isabel II d'Espanya, declarada hereva en virtut de la Pragmàtica Sanció de 1830. El govern d'Álvarez Mendizábal, va recórrer a la desamortització dels bens religiosos per obtenir recursos econòmics. La rebel•lió va esclatar el 1833 i va afectar principalment al País Basc, Navarra i Catalunya.

És una altre cas de guerra de successió, amb dos exèrcits (liberals representant a la reina Isabel II d'Espanya i carlins pretendent Carles Maria Isidre de Borbó, oncle d'Isabel) lluitant per anomenar el seu Rei d’Espanya, i amb catalans als dos bàndols. Encara que amb aquest cas no s’ha intentat manipular tant la història com s’ha fet amb la Diada i el 1714. La guerra gairebé es va donar per acabada, amb la victòria liberal sobre els carlins, i amb el Conveni de Bergara (també anomenat Abraçada de Bergara) el 31 d'agost de 1839, en la qual es respectava als perdedors i els seus furs.

Així doncs, el General Prim, seria el que en la Catalunya actual es coneix despectivament com botifler. Ja lis agradaria a molts de la Generalitat ser com ell o influir una mínima part del que va influir ell en la història. Es qüestió d’enveja existencial. Quan tens visió més amplia i no només provinciana, et titllen d’aquesta manera. Així doncs, benvinguts botiflers! Prefereixo un botifler valent com ell que un republicà independentista covard com Dencàs, en l’època de Companys, fugint pel clavagueram de la Generalitat unes hores després de declarar “l’Estat Català” al 1936.

Per continuar, el General Prim, al capdavant d'una companyia va prendre Vilamajó del Vallès defensada per forces carlines superiors, i va resultar ferit. Noves accions victorioses el van promoure a capità. La presa de Sant Miquel de Taradell on va capturar personalment la bandera del quart batalló carlí de Catalunya, va fer que se li concedís la creu de San Fernando de primera classe. Seguidament va assaltar Solsona i aconseguí escalar personalment el fort obrint les portes, acció per la qual va ser ascendit a comandant. Van seguir noves mostres d'un valor extraordinari que eren objecte de comentari en tot el país; els seus propis soldats l'aclamaven.

Per una acció extraordinària en Àger se'l va ascendir a major de batalló i se li encarregà el comandament a la zona de la línia de Solsona-Castellvell, per la qual passaven els combois de aprovisionament carlí. En els combats que va sostenir va perdre diverses vegades el cavall i ell mateix va resultar ferit més d'una vegada, guanyant una altra creu de San Fernando i el grau de coronel. Amb sols 26 anys el seu nom ja era un símbol de valor; i llavors va acabar la guerra, en la qual havia pres part en 35 accions, havent aconseguit tots els graus al camp de batalla.

Prim era constitucionalista, espanyolista i català, i no se n’avergonyia. Era Gran d'Espanya (el títol nobiliari més important que et poder donar a Espanya). Avui dia, la pressió política del Departament de Cultura, i la mediàtica dels soviets que tenim dirigint TV3, impossibiliten que una persona pugui declarar-se català i espanyol. Et diuen que no ets res i que no saps el que ets. Et forcen a ser o nacionalista català o nacionalista espanyol i a "escopir" a la Constitució. Per acabar finalment titllant-te de fatxa (això ho sap prou bé mr. Albert Om, el cadell del pancatalanisme mediàtic).

Només teniu que fer una ullada al programa Àgora, d'entrevistes "neutrals" a polítics, i alucinareu com el presentador ataca brutalment als representants de partits no nacionalistes a Catalunya, i en canvi fa “llepadetes” en directe als seus amics d’ERC i CIU. Realment prefereixo ser un General Prim que un Tarradellas (no confondre amb les pizzes) exiliat covardment a Suïssa, reagrupant ERC amb les mans tacades de sang i els diners robats del 180 maristes que li van pagar per viure (ja que eren religiosos i en aquella època els mataven), i van ser traïcionats per ell i assassinats a sang freda pels seus amics anarquistes entre riures.



Continuem amb els èxits del General Prim, que em desvïo. Es va presentar a diputat per la província de Tarragona i va obtenir l'escó (1841). Com s'havia ajustat la pau amb els carlins els cossos voluntaris havien estat dissolts i es dubtava que els graus de Prim li fossin reconeguts, però el seu immens prestigi superior al de qualsevol altre contemporani, i l'acta de diputat, van facilitar que fora confirmat com coronel i el regent Espartero a més el va nomenar Subinspector de Carrabiners d'Andalusia.

Triomfar a Espanya no li va impedir fer molt per Catalunya. Això demostra que no és incompatible, com t'intenten fer veure des d'alguns sectors pancatalanistes. Prova d’això és que Prim s'enemistà amb Espartero i el seu govern, als quals va acusar de afavorir els teixits anglesos amb la finalitat d'arruïnar la indústria tèxtil catalana i tenir més sotmès el territori català. Més tard la sublevació de Barcelona, a la qual es va atribuir a Espanya tendències separatistes, i el consegüent bombardeig de la ciutat per Espartero, va acabar de distanciar ambdós líders.

Prim es va dirigir a París on va tenir una entrevista amb una societat secreta de militars desterrats fundada recentment, nomenada "Orde Militar Espanyola" el líder de la qual era Leopoldo O'Donnell (liberals) i en la que figuraven Narváez i altres i es creu que van acordar cooperar per enderrocar a Espartero (conservadors), encara que al retorn va ser detingut a Perpinyà, va ser alliberat marxant a la seva ciutat natal Reus.

Prim també va rebre moltes crítiques, ja que essent liberal, donant-se una rebel•lió de Barcelona contra els conservadors va fer que es decidís nomenar a ell governador militar i comandant general de la província de Barcelona, on va pronunciar la seva celebra frase "O faixa o caixa" (és a dir, o rebre la faixa de general, o la caixa per al enterrament). Després pacificà altres zones agitades a Catalunya, motiu pel qual va rebre el títol de comte de Reus i vescomte del Bruc amb dret hereditari.

El Ministre de la Guerra, Fernández de Còrdova, amic de Prim, el va nomenar com capità general de Puerto Rico en 1847. Un suposat atac de negres de Martinica contra una de les Antilles daneses, va ser repel•lit gràcies a l'auxili de Prim, que va rebre la condecoració danesa de la Dannebrog. Des que Prim va reprimir la rebel•lió de la Jamancia no gaudia de simpaties a Barcelona, però va prometre rectificar els seus errors, ser el campió del liberalisme progressista, defensar els drets catalans i espanyols especialment els econòmics, i erigir-se en màxim defensor de les llibertats ciutadanes, i el poble el va creure i va ser elegit.

Prim va sortir d'Espanya cap a França (1853). Estant allà es va iniciar la Guerra de Crimea i Prim va demanar ser delegat espanyol observador en el front turc, petició que li va ser concedida. En el mateix 1853 va desembarcar a Constantinoble i va estar com a observador entre altres accions, en l'atac de l'illa de Totorkan, aconsellant allà amb gran encert la col•locació de l'artilleria. En 1854 va tornar a França temporalment, tornant seguidament al front turc. El Sultà li va concedir la condecoració de Medjidie i un sabre d'honor. Estant en Roulschouck va conèixer la notícia del victoriós pronunciament liberal a Espanya (La Vicalvarada) i va tornar precipitadament. O'Donnell i Espartero havien arribat a un acord de col•laboració per exercir el poder, però cap desitjava afavorir a Prim.

Prim va demanar incorporar-se a la força expedicionària a la Guerra del Marroc i va ser nomenat comandant de la divisió de reserva que s'estava formant a Antequera. D'allà embarcà a Algesires i va sortir cap a Ceuta al capdavant dels seus batallons i dels voluntaris catalans. Prim va donar llavors mostres del seu valor amb avenços a pit descobert, en inferioritat numèrica, en desavantatjosa posició i amb envestides cos a cos. Destaquen els fets d'armes de Castillejos i Wad Ras (aquestos noms serien anys després atorgats a carrers de la seva ciutat natal). Sembla que Prim va ser extraordinàriament sanguinari al Marroc fins al punt que durant molts anys s'espantava als nens marroquins amb la frase "Que ve Prim!".

Prim va tornar a Espanya, desembarcant a Alacant, recorrent el trajecte fins a Madrid en olor a multitud. Després va passar a Catalunya on la rebuda va ser apoteòsic amb arcs de triomf, nomenaments de fill adoptiu per diverses ciutats, sabres d'honor etc. La reina li va atorgar el marquesat de Castillejos amb Grandesa de primera classe. Un gran de Espanya que li va fer notar que eren iguals va ser respost per Prim que ell sol era igual amb l'avantpassat que havia guanyat la grandesa. Poc després el govern va nomenar a Prim director del Cos d'Enginyers.
Al cap d'algun temps Prim va dimitir com a Director General d'Enginyers, càrrec que encara ostentava, i poc després, caigut O'Donnell, va abandonar la Unió Liberal i es va integrar en el Partit Progressista (1862). Una filla de Prim anomenada Isabel, nascuda en 1863, va ser apadrinada per la pròpia reina.

Després Prim va avançar per la costa Mediterrània sublevant les seves ciutats: Màlaga, Almeria, , Cartagena, València i Barcelona on va ser rebut amb gran alegria. Prop d'allà el general Blas Pierrad Alcedar, Anselm Clavé, José María Orense i Mariano Rossell havien proclamat la republica a Figueres, i el dia 1 havia entrat a Barcelona el general progressista Baldrich. Prim portava una corona a la seva gorra i se li va començar a demanar que se la tragués, però Prim va dir en català als seus compatriotes una altra frase celebre que encara s'utilitza:

"Catalans, voleu córrer massa; no correu tant que podríeu caure"



Finalment Prim va cedir a la pressió, es va treure la gorra i acabà cridant "Fora els Borbons". De Barcelona va passar a Reus i d'allà a Madrid on va fer una entrada triomfal com mai abans vista. L'endemà va rebre la cartera d'Estat en el govern provisional, del qual Prim era l'àrbitre. Serrano va nomenar a Prim cap de govern i Prim es va reservar en el gabinet a més de la presidència, la cartera de Guerra, nomenant ministres unionistes i progressistes per igual.

Els progressistes proposaven la candidatura al tron de Ferran de Coburg, pare del rei Lluis de Portugal, mentre els unionistes proposaven al duc de Montpensier. La candidatura de Ferran va fracassar pel seu matrimoni morganàtic amb una ballarina i l'oposició del príncep que mai poguessin unir-se les corones d'Espanya i Portugal (somni últim de bona part dels seus partidaris). La candidatura de Montpensier, a proposta de Serrano i Topete, va ser rebutjada enèrgicament per Prim que a més va proposar excloure del tron a totes les branques dels Borbons.

I ja el més increïble, un català, un reusenc, oferint la corona d’Espanya a diverses personalitats que ell creia convenient pel futur del pais sencer! Quin poder! No es pot arribar més alt a Espanya ni a Catalunya...Prim va oferir finalment la corona a Amadeu duc d'Aosta, qui va posar com a condició la conformitat de les potències europees, i aconseguida aquesta, va acceptar. El 26 de Novembre de 1870 Amadeu (conegut generalment com Amadeu de Savoia) era elegit per 191 vots com rei (Amadeu I). El 27 de desembre va sortir Amadeu cap a Espanya.

El mateix dia 27, Prim tenia sessió parlamentària i al sortir al vespre en el seu cotxe de cavalls es va endinsar al carrer del Turc a Madrid, a prop del Congrés, on el seu pas va ser obstaculitzat. Uns homes armats van obrir foc. Va morir de les ferides el 30 de Desembre de 1870, després de conèixer el desembarcament d'Amadeu. Es sospita com autors altres pretenents al tro.



Personalitats com el General Prim, fill il.lustre de Reus i un dels personatges més influents en la història contemporània espanyola, tindríen que tenir el seu dia festiu a Catalunya, ja que representa l’esperit triomfador d’un català internacional, d’un reusenc, que va lluitar per la llibertat d’Espanya, pel Rei i pel bé de Catalunya, sense que això entrés en contradicció. Celebrem això i no guerres civils del Segadors ni suposades Guerres de Secessió al 1714, quan realment eren de Successió. El General Prim era un liberal convençut igualment aclamat a Algesires que a Barcelona.

Serem capaços de promocionar a Catalunya persontages com ell en el futur? Futurs presidents espanyols nascuts a Tarragona? Ho simplement continuarem tancant-nos en el nostre provincianisme? Per ser bons catalans tindrem que continuar menyspreant a la resta d’Espanya? També els catalans que triomfen fora de Catalunya tindrien que obrir-se pas i obtindre el reconeixement històric que mereixen a Catalunya, emmig del retrocés ideològic al qual ens està portant el pancatalanisme.

http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/prim.htm

http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Prim_i_Prats

http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Carlina

http://www.historiasiglo20.org/HE/10c-1.htm

jueves, 2 de diciembre de 2010

The Esperanto language, our last hope

INTRODUCTION

In Catalonia, a 7,5 milions habitants community, we have had historically lot of low level troubles between Spanish and Catalan speakers. The same in Galicia and Basc country. In Switzerland, same between German and French speakers. The linguistic conflict is worst in Belgium: if someone uses French to a Flemish person, he might be offended and in a same opposite way as well. In Quebec, the French speakers community are in conflict against rest of Canadian English speakers, reaching the extreme to rename some well known franchises as “Poulet Frit Kentucky”.

From a more global point of view, Occidental English-speaking countries may have continuosly conflicts with Oriental Chinese speakers and Arabian powers. In India they have hundreds of languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Chhattisgarhi, Dogri, Garo, Gujarati, Standard Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Khasi, Kokborok, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Mizo, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Telugu, Tamil, Urdu.





Approximately between 3.000 and 6.000 languages are spoken by humans nowadays. The population of the world reached 1.000 million in 1804, 5.000 milion in 1987 and 7.000 milion by late 2011. By 2045-2050, the world's population is currently projected to reach ranging from 7400 till 10.600 million. Roughly one different language each million habitants. How can we deal it in future? When the more languages, the more misunderstandings between cultures and the more wars. If we cannot try to homogenize the minium way of communication, we are lost.


Rank Countries Population:
language (in millions)


1. Chinese, Mandarin Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Singapore, S. Africa, Taiwan, Thailand 1120


2. English Australia, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Ireland, Israel, Lesotho, Liberia, Malaysia, Micronesia, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, S. Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tonga, U.K., U.S., Vanuatu, Zimbabwe, many Caribbean states, Zambia. 480



3. Spanish Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Rep., Ecuador, El Salvador, Eq. Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Spain, Togo, Tunisia, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela. 332


4. Arabic Egypt, Sudan, ALgeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Lybia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, UAE, Oman, Iraq, Lebanon 235


5. Bengali Bangladesh, India, Singapore 189


6. Hindi India, Nepal, Singapore, S. Africa, Uganda 182


7. Russian Belarus, China, Estonia, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, U.S., Uzbekistan 180


8. Portuguese Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, France, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe 170


9. Japanese Japan, Singapore, Taiwan 125


10. German Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Czech Rep., Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland 98


11. Chinese, Wu China 77.2


12. Javanese Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore 75.5


13. Korean China, Japan, N. Korea, S. Korea, Singapore, Thailand 75


14. French Algeria, Andorra, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Laos, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam 72


15. Turkish Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Macedonia, Romania, Turkey, Uzbekistan 69

16. Vietnamese China, Vietnam 67.7


17. Telugu India, Singapore 66.4


18. Chinese, Yue(Cantonese) Brunei, China, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Malaysia, Panama, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam 66


19. Marathi India 64.8



20. Tamil India, Malaysia, Mauritius, Singapore, S. Africa, Sri Lanka 63.1


21. Italian Croatia, Eritrea, France, Italy, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland 59

22. Urdu Afghanistan, India, Mauritius, Pakistan, S. Africa, Thailand 58


23. Chinese, MN. Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand 49



24. Chinese, Jinyu China 45


25. Gujarati India, Kenya, Pakistan, Singapore, S. Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe 44


26. Polish Czech Rep., Germany, Israel, Poland, Romania, Slovakia 44


27. Ukrainian Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine 41


28. Persian Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Oman, Qatar, Tajikistan, U A Emirates 37.3

29. Chinese, Xiang China 36

30. Malayalam India, Singapore 34


31. Chinese, Hakka Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Panama, Singapore, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand 34


32. Kannada India 33.7



33. Oriya India 31


34. Panjabi, Western India, Pakistan 30


35. Sunda Indonesia 27


36. Panjabi, Eastern India, Kenya, Singapore 26

37. Romanian Hungary, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Ukraine 26


38. Bhojpuri India, Mauritius, Nepal 25


39. Azerbaijani, South Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey 24.4


40. Maithili India, Nepal 24.3


41. Hausa Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Togo 24.2


42. Burmese Bangladesh, Myanmar 22



43. Serbo-Croatian4 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia 21

44. Chinese, Gan China 20.6


45. Awadhi India, Nepal 20.5


46. Thai Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia 20


47. Dutch Belgium, France, Netherlands, Suriname 20


48. Yoruba Benin, Nigeria 20


49. Sindhi Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Singapore 19.7

----------------

We have promoted the common coin in Europe, as a key of economic stability after two World Wars. But now we need to do the next step to reach worldwide stability: the common language. Nowadays people consider English that one. But that language is seen by Arabic and Asian powers like a language imposed by the USA capitalist and occidental power. It has been imposed without agreement with the other non Judeo-Christian cultures, such Muslims, Japanish, Chinese, etc.

The human being survival, progress and future as a global community presents a resemblance to the Babel Tower. That was an enormous tower built in the plain of Shinar. A united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating from the east, came to the land of Shinar, where they resolved to build a city with a tower "with its top in the heavens...lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the Earth."


God came down to see what they did and said: "They are one people and have one language, and nothing will be withholden from them which they purpose to do." So God said, "Come, let us go down and confound their speech." And so God scattered them upon the face of the Earth, and confused their languages, and they left off building the city, which was called Babel "because God there confounded the language of all the Earth."(Genesis 11:5-8).

Everyone believes his own culture, customs and languages are the best and those that shall be promoted in their lands ignoring the rest. The concept of local culture is useful, since without tradition the humanity is less than nothing. The culture certainly differenciate us from the animals, and it shall be preserved through the millenniums. But we need a few things in common to can live together without conflicts: common economy and common communication. The rest could be local. With common economy countries learn to work together to develop the society. With common language, Esperanto, different cultures learn to live together avoiding the war and its causes: the misunderstandings. In fact, all humans wants the same, since it obeys genetically causes, but don’t know how to explain. These little misunderstandings at long term become resentment, and finnaly, wars.



QUICK HISTORY OF ESPERANT

Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto (Dr. Hopeful), the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, on 1887 in Bialystok, polish city then belonging to tzar empire. Zamenhof's was and old oculist jewish Russian-speaking. His goal was to create an easy-to-learn and politically neutral language that would serve as a universal second language to foster peace and international understanding.
According to Zamenhof, he created this language to foster harmony between people from different countries. His feelings and the situation in Bialystok, that may be compared with the eternal tribal fake struggles between Catalan and Spanish speakings in Catalonia, may be gleaned from an extract from his famous letter to Nikolai Borovko:

“The place where I was born and spent my childhood gave direction to all my future struggles. In Bialystok the inhabitants were divided into four distinct elements: Russians, Poles, Germans and Jews; each of these spoke their own language and looked on all the others as enemies. In such a town a sensitive nature feels more acutely than elsewhere the misery caused by language division and sees at every step that the diversity of languages is the first, or at least the most influential, basis for the separation of the human family into groups of enemies.

I was brought up as an idealist; I was taught that all people were brothers, while outside in the street at every step I felt that there were no people, only Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews and so on. This was always a great torment to my infant mind, although many people may smile at such an 'anguish for the world' in a child. Since at that time I thought that 'grown-ups' were omnipotent, so I often said to myself that when I grew up I would certainly destroy this evil.”
—L. L. Zamenhof, in a letter to N. Borovko, ca. 1895

This languague and their linked culture (that some people does not recognize) are neithter a sect nor belonging to any a politic party. They have headquarters in Rotterdam and publish and annuary. There are as muslim esperantists as catholics, atheists, mormons. Whereas in terms of politics are communists, scientists, capitalists, etc. That is a current real bridge across cultures and ideologies within Esperant culture, nothing yet achieved by any State. Hence that shall be empowered from bottom to up, from citizens till states.


That language is a cultural creation and artificial. Unlike rest of languages, esperant is very easy and regular, due to his well channeled origin. Most of their words are common to some European languages. It was impossible and unfeasible to get words from all worldwide languages. The esperanto shall be the language of the globalization, for this reason, nationalist dictatorships like Hitler or Stalin considered it extremely dangerous and removed from society. In Spain, after the Spanish Civil War, Franco persecuted the Anarchists among which Esperanto was extended, but in the 1950s, the Esperanto movement was tolerated again.



CURRENT USAGE

Nowadays has been counted 142.857 esperantists worldwide. Esperanto is the only constructed language with native speakers, that is, people who learned it from their parents as one of their native languages. Estimates range from 10,000 to two million additional active or fluent speakers. Assuming that this figure is accurate, that means that about 0.03% of the world's population speaks the language. This is not Zamenhof's goal of a universal language, but it represents a level of popularity unmatched by any other constructed language. There are computer keyboard layouts that support the Esperanto alphabet. Usage is particularly high in eastern and northern Europe, eastern Asia, Brazil, and Iran.


Although no country has adopted it officially, Esperanto was recommended by the French Academy of Sciences in 1921, was recognized by UNESCO in 1954, and is currently the language of instruction of a university in San Marino. There is evidence that learning Esperanto may provide a superior foundation for learning languages in general, and some primary schools teach it as preparation for learning other foreign languages. Every year, 1,500–3,000 Esperanto speakers meet for the World Congress of Esperanto (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto).


Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran called on Muslims to learn Esperanto and praised its use as a medium for better understanding among peoples of different religious backgrounds. After he suggested that Esperanto replace English as an international lingua franca, it began to be used in the seminaries of Qom. An Esperanto translation of the Qur'an was published by the state shortly thereafter.

Esperanto has been placed in many proposed political situations. The most popular of these is the Europe – Democracy – Esperanto, which aims to establish Esperanto as the official language of the European Union. The Irish political party Éirígí has recently adopted the green star as its emblem partly in support of Esperanto as an international language instead of English.

Two Roman Catholic popes, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, have regularly used Esperanto in their multilingual urbi et orbi blessings at Easter and Christmas each year since Easter 1994.
There are over 25,000 Esperanto books, both originals and translations, as well as several regularly distributed Esperanto magazines. Some of the best-known authors of works in Esperanto are: William Auld, Julio Baghy, Kazimierz Bein (Kabe), Marjorie Boulton, Jorge Camacho, Fernando de Diego, Fidel Figueroa Martínez, Kálmán Kalocsay, Li Shijun, Miyamoto Masao, Abel Montagut, Nemere István, Claude Piron, Leo Tolstoy, Edmond Privat, Reto Rossetti, Raymond Schwartz, Spomenka Štimec, Tivadar Soros, Gaston Waringhien,L. L. Zamenhof.

The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades, at first primarily in the Russian Empire and Eastern Europe, then in Western Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first world congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. Since then world congresses have been held in different countries every year, except during the two World Wars. Since the Second World War, they have been attended by an average of over 2,000 and up to 6,000 people.

Finnish linguist Jouko Lindstedt, an expert on native-born Esperanto speakers, presented the following scheme to show the overall proportions of language capabilities within the Esperanto community:

• 1,000 have Esperanto as their native language.
• 10,000 speak it fluently.
• 100,000 can use it actively.
• 1,000,000 understand a large amount passively.
• 10,000,000 have studied it to some extent at some time.


Ethnologue relates estimates that there are 200 to 2000 native Esperanto speakers (denaskuloj), who have learned the language from birth from their Esperanto-speaking parents. This usually happens when Esperanto is the chief or only common language in an international family, but sometimes occurs in a family of devoted Esperantists. The most famous native speaker of Esperanto is businessman George Soros. Teodoro Schwartz, his father, was an Esperantist.



UNDERSTANDING THE ESPERANTO

The phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and semantics are based on the western Indo-European languages. The phonemic inventory is essentially Slavic, as is much of the semantics, while the vocabulary derives primarily from the Romance languages, with a lesser contribution from the Germanic languages. Pragmatics and other aspects of the language not specified by Zamenhof's original documents were influenced by the native languages of early speakers, primarily Russian, Polish, German, and French.


Typologically, Esperanto has prepositions and a free pragmatic word order that by default is subject-verb-object. Adjectives can be freely placed before or after the nouns they modify, though placing them before the noun is more common. New words are formed through extensive prefixing and suffixing. Esperanto is written with a modified version of the Latin 28-letter alphabet, including six letters with diacritics. All letters are easy to pronounce.

Esperanto has 23 consonants, 5 vowels, and 2 semivowels that combine with the vowels to form 6 diphthongs. Tone is not used to distinguish meanings of words. Stress is always on the penultimate vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel o is elided, which occurs mostly in poetry. Word order is comparatively free. Adjectives may precede or follow nouns; subjects, verbs and objects may occur in any order except in copular phrases.

The core vocabulary of Esperanto was defined by Lingvo internacia, published by Zamenhof in 1887. This book listed 900 roots; these could be expanded into tens of thousands of words using prefixes, suffixes, and compounding. In 1894, Zamenhof published the first Esperanto dictionary, Universala Vortaro, which had a larger set of roots. The rules of the language allowed speakers to borrow new roots as needed; it was recommended, however, that speakers use most international forms and then derive related meanings from these.

Zamenhof's intention was to create an easy-to-learn language to foster international understanding. It was to serve as an international auxiliary language, that is, as a universal second language, not to replace ethnic languages. This goal was widely shared among Esperanto speakers in the early decades of the movement. Later, Esperanto speakers began to see the language and the culture that had grown up around it as ends in themselves, even if Esperanto is never adopted by the United Nations or other international organizations.

Those Esperanto speakers who want to see Esperanto adopted officially or on a large scale worldwide are commonly called finvenkistoj, from fina venko, meaning "final victory", or pracelistoj, from pracelo, meaning "original goal”.



CRITICISM OF ESPERANTO

Esperanto was conceived as a language of international communication, more precisely as a universal second language. Since publication, there has been debate over whether it is possible for Esperanto to attain this position, and whether it would be an improvement for international communication if it did; Esperanto proponents have also been criticized for diverting public funds to encourage its study over more useful national languages.



Esperanto has not yet achieved the hopes of its founder to become a universal second language. Although many promoters of Esperanto stress the successes it has had, the fact remains that well over a century since its publication, the Esperanto-speaking community remains comparatively tiny with respect to the world population. In the case of the United Kingdom, for instance, Esperanto is rarely taught in schools, because it is regarded by the government as not meeting the needs of the national curriculum. Many critics see its aspirations for the role of a preponderant international auxiliary language as doomed because they believe it cannot compete with English in this regard.


The vocabulary and grammar are based on major European languages, and are not universal. Often this criticism is specific to both the grammar and the 'international' vocabulary that are difficult for many Asians, among others, and give an unfair advantage to speakers of European languages. One attempt to address this issue was with other competitor as universal language: Lojban, which draws from the six most populous languages, Arabic, Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindi, Russian, and Spanish, and whose grammar is designed for computer parsing.

The vocabulary, letters, and grammar are too dissimilar from the major Western European languages, and therefore Esperanto is not as easy as it could be for speakers of those languages to learn, even though it is much easier to learn than any other European language. Esperanto has no culture. Although it has a large international literature, Esperanto does not encapsulate a specific culture. Esperanto is culturally European. This is due to the European derivation of its vocabulary, and its semantics; both infuse the language with a European world view. Esperanto speakers often debate about whether a particular borrowing is justified or whether meaning can be expressed by deriving from or extending the meaning of existing words.

Detractors of Esperanto occasionally criticize it as "having no culture". Proponents, such as Prof. Humphrey Tonkin of the University of Hartford, observe that Esperanto is "culturally neutral by design, as it was intended to be a facilitator between cultures, not to be the carrier of any one national culture". The late Scottish Esperanto author William Auld has written extensively on the subject, arguing that Esperanto is "the expression of a common human culture, unencumbered by national frontiers. Thus it is considered a culture on its own." Others point to Esperanto's potential for strengthening a common European identity, as it combines features of several European languages.

The vocabulary is too large. Rather than deriving new words from existing roots, large numbers of new roots are adopted into the language with the intent of being internationally accommodating when in reality the language only caters to European languages. This makes the language more difficult for non-Europeans than it needs to be.A similar argument is made by many Esperanto speakers, not against the language itself but against the way it is (in their view) misused by many (mostly European) speakers; they argue that compounds or derivations should be used whenever possible, and new root words borrowed only when absolutely necessary. Esperanto asymmetry in gender formation makes it sexist. Most kin terms and titles are masculine by default and only feminine when so specified. Esperanto is, looks, or sounds artificial.



LINGUISTIC CONFLICTS THAT DEGENERATE IN WARS

War arises because of the changing relations of numerous variables: technological, psychic, social, and intellectual. There is no single cause of war. Peace is an equilibrium among many forces. Change in any particular force, trend, movement, or policy may at one time make for war, but under other conditions a similar change may make for peace. A state may at one time promote peace by armament, at another time by disarmament, at one time by insistence on its rights, at another time by a spirit conciliation. To estimate the probability of war at any time involves, therefore, an appraisal of the effect of current changes upon the complex of intergroup relationships throughout the world.



From an overall point of view, wars and international conflict are caused by opposing interests and capabilities (specific sociocultural differences where language plays an important role and similarities between the parties), significant change in the balance of powers, individual disrupted perceptions and expectations or simply a will-to-conflict.

These causes are aggravated by cognitive imbalance, status of difference, coercitive state power and sociocultural dissimilarity, whereby linguistic differences and communication misunderstandings can accentuate more the problems. The war finally can be triggered by perception of opportunity, punctual threat or injustice and surprise. The only way to inhibite that is thanks to cross-pressures, internal freedom, strength of the status quo Power and, the most important, world opinion. These points need to have a language in common to be empowered: Esperanto.

Two additional aggravating conditions of violence are the injection of honor and credibility (reputation for power) into conflict. If a leadership perceives its cultures, language or the nation's self-esteem at issue, or if it feels that the outcome of a conflict will determine how others perceive their will and capability, then the conflict is more likely to escalate, be more intense, and be more difficult to resolve.

The causes and conditions of war, therefore, operate within this social field. They are interrelated; their operation is relative to the space-time. War is therefore not the product of one cause, or x number of causes operating independently. War is a social field phenomenon, and its causes and conditions must be understood as aspects of this field--as contextual, situational.

Related to this is internal freedom--a libertarian political system--as an inhibitor of violence and war. Libertarian states do commit violence and go to war; but reluctantly, usually against totalitarian or authoritarian threats or aggression, and often with considerable domestic opposition.

Hostility, manifested in unofficial antiforeign behaviour, punishments of other cultures or languages, and tension or friction reflect a latent situation of conflict. They are not intentional state acts or actions necessarily connected to the specific situation. Indeed, hostility and tension are a matter of atmosphere and feeling, not a specific behavior. The only way to remove that pre-violent atmosphere is a better communication and understanding between the interests of all parties, and common language is quite necessary.



PROMOTION

After States actions to promote, figures can grow exponentially multiplying per 10 each 2 years. If Global agreement start on 2012, in 2022 all human being will speak and use fluently as his common language, beside their mother tongue. The Institute of Cybernetic Pedagogy at Paderborn (Germany) has compared the length of study time it takes Francophone high school students to obtain comparable 'standard' levels in Esperanto, English, German, and Italian. The results were:

2000 hours studying German = 1500 hours studying English = 1000 hours studying Italian = 150 hours studying Esperanto.

It should be noted, however, that these figures can only reflect the respective learning difficulty of these languages for native French speakers. They should be compared to figures from other countries to allow for a more general perspective on the learning difficulty of Esperanto. (French and Italian, both being Romance languages, are much more closely related to each other than French is to English or German.)

Various educators have estimated that Esperanto can be learned in anywhere from one quarter to one twentieth the amount of time required for other languages. Claude Piron, a psychologist formerly at the University of Geneva and Chinese-English-Russian-Spanish translator for the United Nations, argued that Esperanto is far more intuitive than many ethnic languages. "Esperanto relies entirely on innate reflexes and differs from all other languages in that you can always trust your natural tendency to generalize patterns. [...] The same neuropsychological law [—called by] Jean Piaget generalizing assimilation—applies to word formation as well as to grammar."


The best way can be gradually use the most common channels, promoted directly by all states.

• Hollywood movies
• word of mouth
• on the internet
• promotion inside universities/colleges
• by teaching Esperanto to teachers and childre
• presence in newspapers, magazines, tv
• in churches/groups/societies
• leaflet distribution
• simply by studying it and using it

Nowadays unification of echonomy is taking place worldwide, with exception of some communist countries. But is pending the unification in language, one language without any cultural connotation and not belonging specificly to the history of any existent culture. A language constructed with the agreement of our countries, all religions and our cultures worldwide, not only our ancient Occidental powers. We need to include Oriental, Arabic and whatever rest of Earth cultures.

• Step 1 - Global agreement to conform the Esperanto grammar
• Step 2- Start of global learning of Esperanto, through worldwide channel: Internet.
• Step 3- Esperanto becomes the official language of all Earth countries. Living together rest of languages.
• Step 4- End of Esperanto assimilation: 2 years.


With that figures, in 2015 I predict that deaths by wars will decrease 50% and human technology will have exponential faster growing, allow us to visit Mars in 2025.
The Esperant should be the common language of the Human Being.



SAMPLE

It’s all. Definitively quick to learn, easy to use and understand. Without needless grammar complexities. And as a result of whole Earth agreement.

“Un reino pequeño, de poca población, no emplearía todas sus cosas. Los habitantes temerían la muerte y no se alejarían en grandes expediciones. Aunque tuvieran barcos y carros, no los utilizarían.”

“Un regne petit, de poca població, no empraria totes les seves coses. Els habitants temerien la mort i no s’allunyarien en grans expedicions. Encara que tinguessin vaixells i carruatges, no els emprarien.”

“Malgranda regno, de malmulta losantaro, gi ne uzus ciu liajn ajo. La loganto temerien la mortita kaj ne s'forigus en grandaj ekspedicioj. Kvankam ili havis sipo kaj caro, ne ilin uzus.”

“Aunque tuvieran armas y corazas, no las mostrarían. El pueblo volvería a ocuparse de anudar cuerdas. Y encontraría sabrosa su comida, buenas sus ropas, tranquilas sus casas, alegres sus costumbres.”

“Encara que tinguessin armes i cuirasses, no les mostrarien. El poble tornaria a ocupar-se de nuar cordes. I trobaria sabrós el seu menjar, bones robes, tranquiles les seves cases, alegres les seves costums.”

“Kvankam ili havis armilojn kaj corazas, ne ilin montrus. La vilago revenus al okupi d'anudar saga. Kaj gi trovus saborosa lia mangajo, bonaj liaj stofo, trankvilaj liaj domoj, vi gajigas liajn kutimojn.“

“En dos reinos vecinos, tan cercanos que mutuamente se oirían entre sí del uno al otro los perros y los gallos, las gentes morirían muy Viejas sin haberse visitado jamás. “

“En dos regnes veïns, tan propers que mutuament se sentirien entre sí l’un a l’altre els gossos i galls, la gent moriria molt vella sense haver-s’hi conegut mai.”

“En du apudaj regnoj, tiel proksimaj ol mútuament audi inter jes de l'oni al l'alia la hundoj kaj la kokoj la gentoj mortus tre malnovaj sen esti vizitita neniam.”


Fragment LXXX (o XXX, conform a altre ordenació) de Lao Tse. Citat per Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio a "O Religión o Historia", a "Ensayos y artículos. Volumen II" (Barcelona: Edicions Destino 1992. 803 p., p. 333-334).





If we finnally achieve to promote and to use a unique language to communicate among humans, the end of the painful age will become. The age of science, peace, developing and the conquer of other worlds will raise. The future is in our hands.


ARTICLE SOURCES:


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_tower

http://www.photius.com/rankings/languages2.html

http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/WPP.CHAP16.HTM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population

http://www.esperanto.es/hef/index.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language

http://www.traductor.cc/espanol-a-esperanto/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojban